THE GEOGRAPHY OF DIGITAL INFLUENCE: THE TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF DEMOCRACY AND FOREIGN POLICY

Abstract

The article examines the transformation of democracy, foreign policy, and global processes under the influence of digitalization, with a particular focus on its geographical aspects. The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid development of information and communication technologies, which not only change the mechanisms of political participation but also create new spatial inequalities within the global system of international relations. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of digitalization on democratic processes, states' foreign policies, and the geographical structure of the global digital order. The study defines the key concepts of digital democracy, e-governance, cyber diplomacy, and digital sovereignty. Special attention is paid to the geographical inequality of digital access, which manifests itself in the divide between the Global North and the Global South, as well as between urban centers and peripheral regions within individual countries. It is outlined how spatial barriers to technology access affect opportunities for political participation and exacerbate imbalances in international relations. The role of digital infrastructure as a geopolitical factor shaping new international alliances and spheres of influence is also revealed. The article analyzes regional case studies: Estonia as an example of the export of digital democracy; China as a case of spreading digital authoritarianism through the “Digital Silk Road”; and Ukraine as an example of developing digital resilience under conditions of military aggression. It is emphasized that each of these cases demonstrates specific geographical features of the impact of digital technologies on foreign policy strategies and international integration. The conclusions highlight that digitalization is radically transforming the geography of international interaction, creating new spatial divides and shifting the balance of power in the global order. Digital infrastructures, disparities in ICT access, and models of digital development are forming new centers of influence and peripheries in global politics. To ensure democratic development in the digital era, it is necessary to develop international strategies aimed at overcoming digital inequality and ensuring a fair distribution of technological opportunities across regions.